dinhquang
08-07-2010, 04:18 PM
Sau đây là danh sách 850 từ tiếng Anh cơ bản, đây là những từ vựng tối thiểu để có thể diễn đạt được ý muốn của mình. Người mới học tiếng Anh nên nắm vững, sử dụng nó thật thành thạo, coi đó là cơ sở cần thiết cho thực hành tiếng Anh. Muốn tự học nhanh hay dạy ai nhanh để sử dụng khi đi công tác ở nước ngoài gấp, thiết nghĩ cũng nên nắm được 850 từ tiếng Anh này (cần cố gắng phát âm cho đúng, nhất là trọng âm).
Theo kinh nghiệm của tôi thì trước khi học vào những vấn đề chi tiết thì trước tiên phải có cái nhìn tổng thể. Nghĩa là về sơ bộ 850 từ đó là gì, thuộc những loại từ gì, động từ, danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ...
A. OPERATIONS - 100 words
100 từ về thao tác, hành động. Trong đó có 18 động từ và 20 giới từ, trạng từ.
come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take, be, do, have, say, see, send, may, will,
about, across, after, against, among, at, before, between, by, down, from, in, off, on, over, through, to, under, up, with,
as, for, of, till, than,
a , the, all, any, every, little, much, no, other, some, such, that, this, I , he, you, who,
and, because, but, or, if, though, while, how, when, where, why,
again, ever, far, forward, here, near, now, out, still, then, there, together, well,
almost, enough, even, not, only, quite, so, very, tomorrow, yesterday,
north, south, east, west, please, yes .
B. THINGS
I. 400 General words
400 từ có tính chất chung
account, act, addition, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument, art, attack, attempt, attention, attraction, authority, back, balance, base, behavior, belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building, burn, burst, business, butter, canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, color, comfort, committee, company, comparison, competition, condition, connection, control, cook, copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover, crack, credit, crime, crush, cry ,current, curve, damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design, desire, destruction, detail, development, digestion, direction, discovery, discussion, disease, disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust, earth, edge, education, effect, end, error, event, example, exchange, existence, expansion, experience, expert, fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower, fold, food, force, form, friend, front, fruit, glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide, harbor, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humor, ice, idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument, insurance, interest, invention, iron, jelly, join, journey, judge, jump, kick, kiss, knowledge, land, language, laugh, law, lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love, machine, man, manager, mark, market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting, memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month, morning ,mother, motion, mountain, move, music, name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number, observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organization, ornament, owner, page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste, payment, peace, person, place, plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, powder, power, price, print, process, produce, profit, property, prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push, quality, question, rain, range, rate, ray, reaction, reading, reason, record, regret, relation, religion, representative, request, respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river, road, roll, room, rub, rule, run, salt, sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary, selection, self, sense, servant, sex, shade, shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk, silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip, slope, smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze, snow, soap, society, son, song, sort, sound, soup, space, stage, start, statement, steam, steel, step, stitch, stone, stop, story, stretch, structure, substance, sugar, suggestion, summer, support, surprise, swim, system, talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought, thunder, time, tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist, unit, use, value, verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war, wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter, woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound, writing , year .
II. THINGS - 200 Picturable words - picture list
200 từ chỉ đồ vật, có thể vẽ ra được.
angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army, baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird, blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake, branch, brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button, cake, camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain, cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup, curtain, cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer, dress, drop, ear, egg, engine, eye, face, farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame, garden, girl, glove, goat, gun, hair, hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house, island, jewel, kettle, key, knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon, mouth, muscle, nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut, office, orange, oven, parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin, pipe, plane, plate, plough/plow, pocket, pot, potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod, roof, root, sail, school, scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake, sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp, star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach, store, street, sun, table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town, train, tray, tree, trousers, umbrella, wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing, wire, worm .
C. QUALITIES: Tính chất
I. 100 General: 100 từ chung
able, acid, angry, automatic, beautiful, black, boiling, bright, broken, brown, cheap, chemical, chief, clean, clear, common, complex, conscious, cut, deep, dependent, early, elastic, electric, equal, fat, fertile, first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full, general, good, great, grey/gray, hanging, happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow, important, kind, like, living, long, male, married, material, medical, military, natural, necessary, new, normal, open, parallel, past, physical, political, poor, possible, present, private, probable, quick, quiet, ready, red, regular, responsible, right, round, same, second, separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky, stiff, straight, strong, sudden, sweet, tall, thick, tight, tired, true, violent, waiting, warm, wet, wide, wise, yellow, young .
II. 50 Opposites:
awake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain, cold, complete, cruel, dark, dead, dear, delicate, different, dirty, dry, false, feeble, female, foolish, future, green, ill, last, late, left, loose, loud, low, mixed, narrow, old, opposite, public, rough, sad, safe, secret, short, shut, simple, slow, small, soft, solid, special, strange, thin, white, wrong .
D. Một số điều cần nắm thêm:
Danh từ số nhiều thêm S
Thay nghĩa từ khi thêm vào ER, ING, ED
Thêm LY vào tính từ
So sánh dùng MORE, MOST
Nghi vấn và phủ định dùng với DO
Con số, ngày trong tuần, lễ, tháng
Chúc bạn học hỏi được nhiều điều bổ ích.
Trương Văn Tỷ
05-09-2010, 09:12 PM
Tôi mới đăng kí. Chưa biết viết vào chỗ nào. Xin viết vào đây vây.
ÑOÏC HIEÅU
(Reading Comprehension)
GENERALIZATION (Toång quaùt)
Trong ñoïc hieåu, kyõ thuaät ñoùng vai troø cöïc kyø quan troïng. Ñieàu sai laàm laø haàu heát caùc thí sinh thöôøng ñoïc baøi tröôùc khi ñoïc caâu hoûi. Kyõ thuaät ñoïc hieåu ñoøi hoûi thao taùc ngöôïc laïi. Khi ñöôïc cho baøi thi ñoïc hieåu, ta tieán haønh caùc böôùc sau:
I. Read the questions. (Ñoïc caâu hoûi)
II. Identify the questions. (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
III. Scan or skim for the answers. (Ñoïc baøi tìm caâu traû lôøi)
IV. Verify and answer. (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
Skill 1: Main idea (YÙ chính)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
(Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): Main idea, topic, subject, title, main point, primarily, mainly, best summarize.
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Title (töïa ñeà)
- The first sentence. (Caâu thöù nhaát)
- The first paragraph. (Ñoaïn vaên thöù nhaát)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Skim through the passage to verify the main idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua baøi ñeå tìm yù chính)
- Answer: (Traû lôøi)
+ Questions: Title, the idea in the first sentence or in the first paragraph. (Caâu hoûi: töïa ñeà, yù trong caâu thöù nhaát hoaëc ñoaïn vaên thöù nhaát)
+ Choices: The choice is similar to the title/the idea in the first sentence. (Söï choïn löïa nhieàu phöông aùn: söï löïa choïn choã töông töï vôùi töïa ñeà/yù trong caâu thöù nhaát).
Skill 2: Stated detail (Chi tieát neâu trong baøi)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
(Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): State, indicate, discuss, according to, mention, true, key words.
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the key word. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm töø khoùa)
- Read the sentence in which the key word exists (Ñoïc caâu coù töø khoùa)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Scan through the passage to verify the idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua ñoaïn vaên ñeå kieåm chöùng yù)
- Answer:
+ Questions: The idea in the sentence in which the key word exists. (YÙ trong caâu coù töø khoùa)
+ Choices: The choice is similar to the idea in the sentence in which the key word exists. (Choïn yù töông töï trong caâu coù töø khoùa)
Skill 3: Unstated detail (Chi tieát khoâng coù neâu)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
(Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): Not stated, not indicated, not discussed, not mentioned, not true, false, except.
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the key word. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm töø khoùa)
- Read the sentence in which the key word exists (Ñoïc caâu coù töø khoùa)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Scan through the passage to verify the idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua ñoaïn vaên ñeå kieåm chöùng yù)
- Answer:
+ Choices: The choice is not similar to the idea in the sentence in which the key word exists. (Do not choose the three similar/true choices) (Choïn yù khoâng töông töï trong caâu coù töø khoùa)(Khoâng choïn 3 yù töông töï/ñuùng).
Skill 4: Implied detail (Chi tieát ngaàm noùi)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
(Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): Implied, inferred, likely, probably, not directly stated.
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the key word. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm töø khoùa)
- Read the sentence in which the key word exists (Ñoïc caâu coù töø khoùa)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Scan through the passage to verify the idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua ñoaïn vaên ñeå kieåm chöùng yù)
- Answer:
+ Questions: The inference of the idea in the sentence in which the key word exists. (Suy dieãn yù trong caâu coù töø khoùa)
+ Choices: The choice is the inference of the idea in the sentence in which the key word exists. (Söï löïa choïn laø suy dieãn yù trong caâu coù töø khoùa)
Skill 5: Vocabulary in context (Töø vöïng trong vaên caûnh)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän caâu hoûi)
(Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): Meaning, mean, replace, stand for, synonym.
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the key word. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm töø khoùa)
- Read the sentence in which the key word exists, the previous sentence and the following one (The scale is three sentences). (Ñoïc caâu coù töø khoùa, caâu tröôùc ñoù vaø caâu sau ñoù (phaïm vi laø 3 caâu))
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Scan through the passage to verify the idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua ñoaïn vaên ñeå kieåm chöùng yù)
- Answer:
+ Questions: The explanation found in the scale of three sentences surrounding the key word. (Lôøi giaûi thích trong phaïm vi 3 caâu xung quanh töø khoùa)
+ Choices: The choice is similar to the explanation in the scale of three sentences surrounding the key word. (Söï löïa choïn töông töï lôøi giaûi thích trong phaïm vi 3 caâu xung quanh töø khoùa)
Skill 6: Referred words (Caùc töø ñöôïc ñeà caäp ñeán)
(Antecedents of pronouns)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): (it, its, them, their, etc.) refer, substitute
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the pronoun. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm ñaïi töø)
- Read the previous sentence. (Ñoïc caâu tröôùc ñoù)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Read the previous sentence carefully. Find out what the pronoun indicates (thing or person, singular or plural, etc.) (Ñoïc caâu tröôùc caån thaän. Tìm ñoái töôïng maø ñaïi töø thay theá (vaät hoaëc ngöôøi, soá ít hoaëc soá nhieàu, …)
- Choose the word or phrase that is equivalent to the pronoun. (Choïn töø hoaëc cuïm töø töông ñöông vôùi ñaïi töø)
Skill 7: Referring to the passage (Lieân heä ñeán baøi vaên)
I. Identify the questions: (Nhaän dieän qua caùc töø khoùa trong caâu hoûi laø): where in the passage …?
II. Look for the answers: (Tìm caâu traû lôøi ôû):
- Scan in order from the top to the bottom for the key word. (Ñoïc löôùt theo traät töï töø treân xuoáng ñeå tìm töø khoùa)
- Read the sentence in which the key word exists. (Ñoïc caâu coù töø khoùa)
III. Verify and answer: (Xaùc minh vaø traû lôøi)
- Scan through the passage to verify the idea. (Ñoïc löôùt qua ñoaïn vaên ñeå kieåm chöùng yù)
- Choose the idea equivalent to the one in the sentence in which the key word exists. (Choïn yù töông ñöông trong caâu coù töø khoùa)
Skill 8: Previewing (Xem tröôùc yù)
Read the first sentence and the last one to understand the general idea of the passage. (Ñoïc caâu ñaàu tieân vaø caâu cuoái cuøng ñeå hieåu yù toång quaùt cuûa ñoaïn vaên).
Passage 1
Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feeling has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists, the deaf and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact, and can be used internationally; spelling, however, can not.
Body language transmits ideas or thought by certain actions, either internationally or uninternationally. A wink can be a way of flirting or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.
Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and pictures signs also guide, warn and instruct people.
While verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings. (351-352)
1. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?
A. When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication.
B. Every uses only one form of communication. C. Nonlinguistic language is invaluable to foreigners.
D. Although other forms of communications exist, verbalization is the fastest.
2. Which of the following is not true?
A. There are many forms of communication in existence today.
B. Verbalization is the most common form of communication.
C. The deaf and the mute use an oral form of communication.
D. Ideas and thoughts can be transmitted by body language.
3. Which form other than oral speech would be most commonly used among blind people?
A. picture signs B. Braille C. body language D. signal flags
4. How many different forms of communication are mentioned here?
A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D. 11
5. Sign language is said to be very picturesque and exact and can be used internationally, except for
A. spelling B. ideas C. whole words D. expressions
Passage 2
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is a type of sleep that is important to humans. This type of sleep generally occurs four or five times during one night of sleep. The duration of each these occurrences ranges from five minutes to forty minutes. The periods of REM sleep become longer and longer as the night progresses.
Physical changes occur in the body to show that a person has transitioned from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep to REM sleep. Breathing becomes faster; the heart rate increases, and, as the name implies, the eyes begin to move quickly.
Accompanying these physical changes in the body is a very important characteristic of REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that dreams occur.
1. The subject of this passage is
A. the human need for REM sleep B. physical changes in the human body
C. the characteristics of REM sleep D. why people
2. According to the passage, how often does REM sleep occur in one night?
A. Once B. Twice C. Four or five times D. forty times
3. A REM sleep period of forty minutes would most likely be which period of REM sleep?
A. The first period B. The second period C. The third period D. The fourth period
4. The word progress in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A. continues B. darken C. falls D. sleeps
5. Look at the word transitioned in paragraph 2. This word could best be replaced by
A. breathed B. increased C. fallen D. moved
6. The “N” in NREM probably stand for which of the following words
A. Nice B. Non C. Name D. Night
7. According to the passage, all of the following occur during REM sleep except that
A. the rate of breathing increases B. the heart rate speeds up C. the eyes remain steady D. dreams take place
8. The word Accompanying could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Along with B. In spite of C. In contrast to D. Because of
Pasage 3
In an effort to produce the largest, fastest and most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the Titanic. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that was dubbed “unsinkable.” So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers.
Many passengers were aboard the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than half way between England and the New York destination. Because the luxury liner was traveling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg. An unextinguished fire also contributed to the ship’s submersion. Panic increased the number of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the survivors – less than a third of those originally aboard.
The infamous Titanic enjoyed only two days of sailing glory on its maiden voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland, where it lies today. (330)
1. Which of the following is not true?
A. Only a third of those abroad perished. B. The Carpathia rescued the survivors.
C. The Titanic sank near Newfoundland. D. The Titanic was the fastest ship afloat in 1912
2. Which of the following did not contribute to the large death toll?
A. panic B. fire C. speed D. Carpathia
3. How many days was the Titanic at sea before sinking?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 12
4. The word unextinguished means most nearly the same as
A. indestructible B. uncontrollable C. undiscovered D. unquenched
5. How long ago did the disaster happen?
A. a century B. a century and a half C. half a century D. two centuries
Passage 4
In the 1930s, Chester F. Carlson was working in the patents department of a large electronics firm in New York City. One of the major problems in his work was the length of time and expense involved in getting patents copied; patents were lengthy legal documents, and the only ways to get them copied were to take them to a typist or to take them to a photographer. Either way of copying patents took a lot of time and cost a lot of money.
He came up with the idea for a machine that would copy documents quickly and efficiently. He researched the idea in the library and then worked over a three-year period on developing a machine that used a light, an electrostatically charged plate, and powder to duplicate images, on paper. The result of this work was a machine that produced the first xerographic copy on October 22, 1938. He named the process “Xerox” which means “dry writing”.
Carlson felt that he had a good idea, one that would be extremely helpful in the business world. He tried to sell his idea to a number of large corporations, but they were not terribly interested in his machine. A few years later he sold the process to a small family-owned company. “This small company grew into the giant Xerox Corporation, and both Carlson and Xerox became rather wealthy in the process.
1. This passage is mainly about
A. Carlson’s job in a patent office B. How the Xerox machine works
C. Carlson’s success D. the development of the Xerox machine
2. Which of the following is not mentioned as a problem that Carlson encouraged in getting patents copied?
A. The time needed for copying B. The expense of the copying
C. The length of the patents D. The dependability of photographers
3. The word expense is closest meaning to
A. cost B. difficulty C. legality D. payment
4. The following are components of Carlson’s machine except
A. A light B. A charged plateC. Powder D. A typewriter
5. Carlson most likely began work on the machine in
A. 1930 B. 1935 C. 1938 D. 1941
6. The passage indicates that the large corporations that Carlson tried to sell his process to
A. were family owned B. were nonprofit institutions C. helped to develop the process D. did not want to buy his machine
7. The word giant could best replaced by
A. monster B. tiny C. familiar D. huge
Passage 5
Although speech is generally accepted as the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communicating without using words. In every known culture, signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as instruments of communication. There is a great deal of agreement among communication scientists as to what each of these methods is and how each differs from the others. For instance, the basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication through these dots and dashes - short and long intervals as the circuit is broken - is very great. Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they convey information in and of themselves. Two examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled pole outside a shop that communicates the meaning of barber.
Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver's cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with the performance. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they also have a major disadvantage in communication. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As a result, means of communication intended to be used across long distances and extended periods must be based upon speech. To radio, television, and the telephone, one must add fax, paging systems, electronic mail, and the internet, and no one doubts but that there are more means of communication on the horizon.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Signs and Signals B. Gestures C. Communication D. Speech
2. What does the author say about speech?
A. It is the only true form of communication. B. It is dependent upon the advances made by inventors.
C. It is necessary for communication to occur. D. It is the most advanced form of communication.
3. The phrase impinge upon in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. intrude B. improve C. vary D. prohibit
4. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to
A. function B. signal C. environment D. way
5. Applauding was cited as an example of
A. a signal B. a sign C. a symbol D. a gesture
Passage 6
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast fortune to a trust that he designated as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to the individuals and organizations that had achieved through invention or discovery that which would have the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. According to the legend, Nobel’s death had been erroneously reported in a newspaper, and the focus of the obituary was the fact that Nobel had invented dynamite. He rewrote his will in 1895, thereby establishing, with the original amount of nine million dollars, the Nobel Foundation as the legal owner and administering agent of the funds, and instituting the prizes that are named after him. Statutes to govern the awarding of the prizes were written, along with guidelines for operating procedures. Five years after Nobel’s death, the first five prizes, worth about forty thousand dollars each, were to be awarded.
Originally the five classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will included chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. These prizes have been administered continually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize, for accomplishments in the field of economics and endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was added. Candidates for the prizes must be nominated in writing by February 1 of each year by a qualified and recognized authority in each of the fields of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are usually presented in Stockholm on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. The value, fame, and prestige of the Nobel Prizes have continued to grow. Today the prize includes a medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one million dollars.
1. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Alfred Bernhard Nobel B. The Nobel Prizes
C. Great contributions to mankind D. Swedish philanthropy
2. Why were the prizes named for Alfred Bernhard Nobel?
A. He left money in his will for the prizes B. He won the first Nobel Prizes
C. He is now living in Sweden D. He serves as chairman of the committee
3. The word will in paragraph 1 refers to
A. Nobel’s wishes B. a legal document C. a future intention D. a free choice
4. How often are the Nobel Prizes awarded?
A. Five times a year B. Once a year C. Twice a year D. Once every two years
5. How many prizes had been awarded by 1960?
A. Two hundred B. Three hundred C. Four hundred D. Six hundred
Passage 7
The Greek geometers generalized truths familiar to their Oriental predecessors. For instance, Pythagoras may have learned from Egyptian architects the trick of constructing an accurate right-angle with the aid of a cord divided in the proportions 3, 4 and 5 or 5, 12 and 13; it was demonstrably used by the Brahmans of India for constructing a right-angle a little later. With this would go the converse fact, familiar to the Babylonians in the second millennium, that in a right-angle triangle whose sides are in these proportions the square on the side opposite the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares on the two sides containing it. But Pythagoras is credited with having established that in any right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the sides containing the right-angle _ a theorem that is still named, probably erroneously, after him.
1. What does the word “their” in line 1 refer to?
A. Greek geometers B. Oriental predecessors C. Egyptian architects D. Indian Brahmans
2. What does “it” refer to in line 3?
A. Constructing an accurate right-angle triangle thanks to a divided cord
B. An accurate right-angle divided in the proportions 3, 4 and 5.
C. The square used in constructing an accurate right-angle. D. The aid of a cord divided into special angles.
3. What does the word “this” in line 4 refer to?
A. The cord B. The demonstration C. The knowledge D. The proportions
4. What do the words “these proportions” in line 5 refer to?
A. 3, 4 and 5 only B. 5, 12 and 13 only C. Both 3, 4 and 5 and 5, 12 and 13 D. None of these
5. What does the word “it” in line 8 refer to?
A. The right-angled triangle B. The square on the opposite side C. The right-angle D. The sum of the squares
6. Who does the word “him” in line 8 refer to?
A. The first Greek geometer B. The real founder of the theorem C. Pythagoras D. An Egyptian architect
Passage 8
A geyser is the result of underground water under the combined conditions of high temperatures and increased pressure beneath the surface of the earth. Since temperature rises approximately 10F for every sixty feet under the earth’s surface, and pressure increases with depth, water that seeps down in cracks and fissures until it reaches very hot rocks in the earth’s interior becomes heated to a temperature in excess of 2900F. Because of the greater pressure, it shoots out of the surface in the form of steam and hot water. The result is a geyser.
In order to function, then a geyser must have a source of heat, a reservoir where water can be stored until the temperature rises to an unstable point, an opening through which the hot water and steam can escape, and underground channels for resupplying water after an eruption.
Favorable conditions for geysers exist in regions of geologically recent volcanic activity, especially in areas of more than average precipitation.
For the most part, geysers are located in three regions of the world: New Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National Park area of the Untied States. The most famous geyser in the world is Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park. Old Faithful erupts almost very hour, rising to a height of 125 to 170 feet and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption.
1. What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. The Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park B. The nature of geysers
C. The ratio of temperature to pressure in underground water. D. Regions of geologically recent volcanic activity
2. In order for a geyser to erupt
A. hot rocks must rise to the surface of the earth B. water must flow underground
C. it must be a warm day D. the earth must not be rugged or broken.
3. As depth increases
A. pressure increases but temperature does not B. temperature increases but pressure does not
C. both pressure and temperature increase D. neither pressure nor temperature increases
4. Where is Old Faithful located?
A. New Zealand B. Iceland C. The United States D. England
5. How often does Old Faithful erupt?
A. Every 10 minutes B. Every 60 minutes C. Every 125 minutes D. Every 170 minutes
6. Which conditions does a geyser require to function?
A. A source of heat, a place for water to collect, an opening, and underground channels
B. An active volcano nearby and a water reservoir
C. Channels in the earth and heavy rainfall D. Volcanic activity, underground channels, and steam
How to identify the skills used in the questions
Question Word used to identify kills Question Word used to identify kills
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